La inmersión como reemplazo de la circuncisión y los creyentes gentiles como prosélitos al judaísmo de Jesús
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47182/rb.87.n3-4-2025448Palabras clave:
Pablo, judaísmo del Segundo Templo, inmersión, circuncisión espiritual, pneuma (espíritu), identidad pactual, gálatasResumen
Este artículo explora la teología de la inmersión en Pablo dentro del marco del judaísmo del Segundo Templo, analizándola a través de su herencia legal farisea. Pablo reinterpreta la inmersión como una circuncisión espiritual, transformando a los gentiles en cuerpos pactuales infundidos con el pneuma de Cristo, evitando así la transgresión de la Torá que implicaría la circuncisión gentil. Contrario a las posturas que sostienen que Pablo permitía a los creyentes gentiles seguir a Cristo como gentiles, esta investigación sostiene que los concebía como prosélitos al judaísmo mediante la inmersión. Centrándose en Gálatas, este estudio contextualiza las declaraciones de Pablo contra la circuncisión y a favor de la Torá, sugiriendo que su objetivo era establecer una nueva identidad pactual a través del culto exclusivo al Dios de Israel.
Citas
Barclay, J. M. G., Obeying the Truth: A Study of Paul’s Ethics in Galatians, Minneapolis (MN) 1991.
–, Paul and the Gift, Grand Rapids (MI) 2017.
Barrier, J. W., “Jesus’ Breath: A Physiological Analysis of Pneuma within Paul’s Letter to the Galatians”, JSNT 37 (2014) 115-138. https://doi. org/10.1177/0142064X14521156.
Beale, G. K., “The Old Testament Background of Paul’s Reference to ‘the Fruit of the Spirit’ in Galatians 5:22”, Bulletin for Biblical Research 15 (2005) 1-38.
Bell, R. H., The Irrevocable Call of God: An Inquiry into Paul’s Theology of Israel (WUNT 1/184), Tübingen 2005.
Bird, M. F., Crossing Over Sea and Land: Jewish Missionary Activity in the Second Temple Period, Peabody (MA) 2010.
Blanton IV, T. R., “Circumcision in the Early Jesus Movement: The Contributions of Simon Claude Mimouni, ‘Paul within Judaism’ and ‘Lived Ancient Religion’”, The Journal of the Jesus Movement in Its Jewish Setting. From the First to the Seventh Century (JJMJS) 8 (2021) 131-57.
Blazosky, B., The Law’s Universal Condemning and Enslaving Power: Reading Paul, the Old Testament, and Second Temple Jewish Literature, University Park (PA) 2019.
Boccaccini, G., Middle Judaism: Jewish Thought, 300 BCE to 200 CE, Minneapolis (MN) 1991.
Boyarin, D., A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity, vol. 1, Oakland (CA) 1994.
Brooke, G., “2 Corinthians 6:14-7:1 Again: A Change of Perspective”, in J. S. Rey (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls and Pauline Literature, Leiden 2014, 1-6.
Byrd, W. C. – V. E. Ray. “Ultimate Attribution in the Genetic Era: White Support for Genetic Explanations of Racial Difference and Policies”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 661 (2015) 212-35.
Campbell, D. A., “Galatians 5.11: Evidence of an Early Law-observant Mission by Paul?”, NTS 57 (2011) 325-47.
Cohen, S., The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties, Oakland (CA) 1999.
Collins, J. J., The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature, Grand Rapids (MI) 2016.
Collman, R. D., The Apostle to the Foreskin: Circumcision in the Letters of Paul, Berlin 2023.
Concannon, C. W., ‘When You Were Gentiles’: Specters of Ethnicity in Roman Corinth and Paul’s Corinthian Correspondence, New Haven (CT) 2014.
Cornell, S. – D. Hartmann, Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World, Thousand Oaks (CA) 1998.
Das, A. A., “Paul and the Law: Pressure Points in the Debate”, in M. D. Given (ed.), Paul Unbound: Other Perspectives on the Apostle, Atlanta (GA) 2010, 99-116.
–, Paul and the Stories of Israel: Grand Thematic Narratives in Galatians, Minneapolis (MN) 2016.
Doering, L., “Purity Regulations Concerning the Sabbath in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature”, in E. Tov et al (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls Fifty Years after Their Discovery, Leiden 2000, 600-609.
Donaldson, T., Paul and the Gentiles: Remapping the Apostle’s Convictional World, Minneapolis 1997.
Dunn, J. D., The Theology of Paul’s Letter to the Galatians, Cambridge 1993.
–, Beginning from Jerusalem: Christianity in the Making, vol. 2, Grand Rapids (MI) 2009.
Eisenbaum, P., Paul Was Not a Christian: The Original Message of a Misunderstood Apostle, New York 2009.
Elliott, S., Cutting too Close for Comfort: Paul’s Letter to the Galatians in Its Anatolian Cultic Context (JSNTSup 248), London 2003.
Ferguson, E., Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries, Grand Rapids, MI 2009, Kindle edition. Fox, R., Pagans and Christians, New York 1987.
Fredriksen, P., «Judaizing the Nations: The Ritual Demands of Paul's Gospel », New Testament Studies 56 (2010) 232–252.
–, Paul: The Pagans’ Apostle, New Haven (CT) 2017.
–, “Paul, the Perfectly Righteous Pharisee”, in J. Sievers – A.-J. Levine (eds.), The Pharisees, Grand Rapids (MI) 2021, 112-135.
–, “‘Circumcision is Nothing’: A Non-Reformation Reading of the Letters of Paul”, in J. Sievers – A.-J. Levine (eds.), Protestant Bible Scholarship: Antisemitism, Philosemitism and Anti-Judaism, Leiden 2022, 79-105.
Frostad, B., “Does Jubilees Attest to the Noahide Laws? Reassessing a Common Scholarly Claim”, in C. A. Evans – M. Groenbech-dam (eds.), New Studies in Gender and Ethnicity in the Pseudepigrapha, London [forthcoming].
Furstenberg, Y., “Initiation and the Ritual Purification from Sin: Between Qumran and the Apostolic Tradition”, Dead Sea Discoveries 23 (2016) 365-94.
Garrowa y, J. D., Paul’s Gentile-Jews: Neither Jew nor Gentile, but Both,New York 2012.
–, The Beginning of the Gospel: Paul, Philippi, and the Origins of Christianity, Los Angeles (CA) 2018.
–, “Engendering Judaism: Paul, Baptism, and Circumcision”, in G. Boccaccini – C. A. Segovia (eds.), Paul the Jew: Rereading the Apostle as a Figure of Second Temple Judaism, Minneapolis (MN) 2016, 219-44.
–, “The Circumcision of Christ: Romans 15:7-13”, JSNT 34 (2012) 303-22.
Gil Arbiol, C., “Ioudaismos and ioudaiz? in Paul and the Galatian Controversy: An Examination of Supposed Positions”, JSNT 44 (2021) 218-239.
Gruen, E., Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans, Cambridge (MA) 2002.
Gupta, N. K., “The Thessalonian Believers, Formerly ‘Pagans’ or ‘God-fearers’? Challenging a Stubborn Consensus”, Neotestamentica 52 (2018) 91-113.
Hafemann, S. J., Paul, Moses, and the History of Israel: The Letter/Spirit Contrast and the Argument from Scripture in 2 Corinthians 3 (WUNT 81), Tübingen 1995.
Harrill, J. A., “Coming of Age and Putting on Christ: The Toga Virilis Ceremony, its Paraenesis, and Paul’s Interpretation of Baptism in Galatians”, Novum Testamentum 44 (2002) 252-77.
Hayes, C., Gentile Impurities and Jewish Identities: Intermarriage and Conversion from the Bible to the Talmud, Oxford 2002.
Hengel, M., Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years, Louisville (KY) 1997.
Hodge, C., If Sons, Then Heirs: A Study of Kinship and Ethnicity in the Letters of Paul, Oxford 2007.
Kamesar, A., “Biblical Interpretation in Philo”, in id. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Philo, Cambridge 2009, 65-91.
Katz, H., “ ‘He Shall Bathe in Water; Then He Shall Be Pure’: Ancient Immersion Practice in the Light of Archaeological Evidence”, Vetus Testamentum 62 (2012) 369-80.
Klawans, J., Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism, Oxford 2005.
Kok, J., “Social Identity Complexity Theory as Heuristic Tool in New Testament Studies”, HTS 70 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2708
Koltun-Fromm, N., Hermeneutics of Holiness: Ancient Jewish and Christian Notions of Sexuality and Religious Community, Oxford 2010. Kostresevic, M., “Godfearers and Religious Syncretism: Investigating Aphrodisias’ Stone Inscription and Its Time”, Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 29 (2023) 331-45.
Kraemer, R. S., “Giving up the Godfearers”, Journal of Ancient Judaism 5 (2014) 61-87.
Lamb, G. E., “Beyond the Greco-Roman or Jewish Monocle: Reading Philippians and Paul ‘Kaleidoscopically’”, Religions 15 (2024) 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15040467
Lavender, J., “Paul and the Observance of the Torah by Gentiles”, Neotestamentica 57 (2023) 293-323.
Liubinska s, S., “Identification by Sprit Alone: Community-Identity Construction in Galatians 3:19-4:7”, The Asbury Journal 67 (2012) 27-55.
MacLennan, R. S. – Kraabel, T., “The God-fearers: A Literary and Theological Invention”, BAR 12 (1986) 46-53.
Marcus, J., John the Baptist in History and Theology, Columbia (SC) 2018.
Martin, D. B., “The Queer History of Galatians 3:28: ‘No Male and Female,’” in id., Sex and the Single Savior: Gender and Sexuality in Biblical Interpretation, Louisville (KY) 2006, 77-90.
Martin, T.W., «The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9–14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28», Journal of Biblical Literature 122, no. 1 (2003) 111–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/3268093.
Martyn, J. L., Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, New Haven (CT) 1997.
McNicol, A. J., “Baptism and the Moral Life”, Christian Studies 29 (2017) 33-46.
Miller, E. L., “Is Galatians 3:28 the Great Egalitarian Text?”, The Expository Times 114 (2002) 9-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/001452460211400103.
Mimouni, S. C., La circoncision dans le monde judéen aux époques grecque et romaine: histoire d’un conflit interne au judaïsme, Leuven 2007.
Moffitt, D. M. – C. J. Buter, “P. Duk. inv. 727r: New Evidence for the Meaning and Provenance of the Word ??????????”, JBL 132 (2013) 159- 178.
Nanos, M., “Re-Framing Paul’s Opposition to erga nomou as ‘Rites of a Custom’ for Proselyte Conversion Completed by the Synecdoche ‘Circumcision’”, The Journal of the Jesus Movement in Its Jewish Setting 8 (2021) 49-89.
Nanos, M. – Zetterholm, M. (eds.), Paul within Judaism. Restoring the First-Century Context to the Apostle, Minneapolis (MN) 2015.
Neusner, J., “The Idea of Purity in Ancient Judaism”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 43 (1975) 15-26.
Neutel, K. B., “‘Neither Jew nor Greek’: Abraham as Universal Ancestor”, in M. Goodman et al. (eds.), Abraham, the Nations, and the Hagarites: Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Perspectives on Kinship with Abraham, Leiden 2010, 289-306. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004216495_020.
–, A Cosmopolitan Ideal: Paul’s Declaration “Neither Jew nor Greek, Neither Slave nor Free, nor Male and Female” in the Context of First Century Thought (LNTS 513), London 2015.
Novak, D., The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism, Portland (OR) 22011.
Novenson, M., “Messiahs and their Messengers”, Svensk Teologisk Kvartalskrift 95 (2019) 3-16.
Paget, J. C., Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity, Tübingen 2010.
Pogonowski, J., “‘I Have Made a Man Every Whit Whole’–The Words of Jesus in the Gospel of John 7:22-23 and the Concept of Circumcision in the Hebrew Bible as a Metaphorical Removal of a Blemish”, Rocznik Orientalistyczny 75 (2022) 81-98.
Räisänen, H., Paul and the Law, Tübingen 1987.
Ricks, S. D., “Miqvaot: Ritual Immersion Baths in Second Temple (Intertestamental) Jewish History”, BYU Studies Quarterly 36 (1996) 277-286.
Roccas, S. – M. B. Brewer, “Social Identity Complexity”, Personality and Social Psychology Review 6 (2002) 88-106.
Sasson, J. M., “Circumcision in the Ancient Near East”, JBL 85 (1966) 473-476.
Schiffman, L., Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity, New York 1995.
Schmithals, W., “The Heretics in Galatia”, in id., Paul and the Gnostics, Abingdon (NA) 1972, 13-64.
Scott, J. M., “A Comparison of Paul’s Letter to the Galatians with the Epistle of Enoch”, in L. T. Stuck enbruck et al (eds.), Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testament Thought, Minneapolis (MN) 2017, 193-218.
Sim, D., «Gentiles, God-Fearers and Proselytes», in D.C. Sim and J.S. McLaren (eds.), Attitudes to Gentiles in Ancient Judaism and Early
Christianity, London 2013.
Soon, I. T., A Disabled Apostle: Impairment and Disability in the Letters of Paul, Oxford 2023.
Staples, J. A., The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism. A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity, Cambridge 2021.
Still, T. D. – Longeneck er, B. W., Thinking through Paul, Minneapolis (MN) 2014.
Tajfel, H., “Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior”, Social Science Information 13 (1974) 65-93.
–, “Social Categorization, Social Identity, and Social Comparison”, in id. (ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, London 1978, 61-76.
–, “The Achievement of Group Differentiation”, in id. (ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, London 1978, 77-98.
Termini, C., “Philo’s Thought within the Context of Middle Judaism”, in A. Kamesar (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Philo, New York 2009, 95-114.
Thiessen, M, “Revisiting the ?????????? in ‘the LXX’”, JBL 132 (2013) 333-350.
–, Contesting Conversion: Genealogy, Circumcision, and Identity in Ancient Judaism and Christianity, Oxford 2011, 67-86.
–, Paul and the Gentile Problem, Oxford 2016.
Trick , B., Abrahamic Descent, Testamentary Adoption, and the Law in Galatians. Differentiating Abraham’s Sons, Seed, and Children of Promise (SNT 169), Leiden 2016.
Turner, M., The Holy Spirit and Spiritual Gifts: Then and Now, Peabody (MA) 2005.
Turner, J. C. – Brown, R. J., “Social Status, Cognitive Alternatives and Intergroup Relations”, in H. Tajfel (ed.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, London 1978, 201-234.
Vermes, G., The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, New York 2004.
–, Christian Beginnings: From Nazareth to Nicaea, New Haven (CT) 2012.
Wilson, A. P., Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on the Inconsistency, Lanham (MD) 2020.
Wright, N. T., Paul and the Faithfulness of God. Christian Origins and the Question of God, Minneapolis (MN) 2013.
Young, B. H., Paul the Jewish Theologian: A Pharisee among Christians, Jews, and Gentiles, Grand Rapids (MI) 1995.
Zetterholm, M., The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation between Judaism and Christianity, London 2003.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Derechos de autor 2025 Revista Bíblica
Está obra está bajo licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
